Analyzing What Boudicca Is

Analyzing What Boudicca Is Though the primary sources on Boudicca are fragmentary and limited, it can still be ascertained that she played a major role in the revolt of the Iceni against the mighty foreign power of Rome. Throughout history powerful men have been viewed as threatening, but powerful women such as the late queen of the Iceni are often seen as awe-inspiring. Owing to Boudiccas mistreatment and bravery she rose up against the Roman Invasion endeavouring to seek vengeance and in doing so shaped European history. Boudicca, one of historys most powerful women, suffered rape only vicariously as a mother, but her revenge destroyed thousands. The rebellion of Boudicca has an established and monumental place in British history. Her ability to recruit a brutal Celtic army and massacre thousands in her revolt displays her courage and determination as a leader. The character of this woman and the events of her life, contribute immensely to her importance in history. While over time she has been viewed by dif ferent perspectives, she is most commonly seen as the obvious; a queen, mother, wife and survivor. Boudiccas revolt against the Romans was initially shaped by misfortunes brought upon her life and her family. Among ancient Celts, women were equal to men and held a number of well established rights. Consequently, when Boudiccas husband, Prasutagus, King of the Iceni tribe met his death in 60 AD, Boudicca took her assumed role as Leader and queen. Her husbands will outlined Boudiccas inheritance of the tribe and its land yet the Romans considered this practise illegal and demanded she hand over her wealth and territories. The injustice of such a demand resulted in Boudiccas strong refusal which ultimately led to her arrest, flogging and then the public brutalisation and rape of her two young daughters. Tacitus, senator and historian of the Roman Empire depicted the event in his work, The Annals. He states, His kingdom was plundered by centuries his wife Boudicca was scoured and his daughters outrage. All the chief men of the Iceni as if Rome had received the whole country as a gift, were stripped of their ancestral possessions, and the kings relatives were made slaves.(http://classics.mit.edu/Tacitus/annals.html). This prominent historian outlines significantly the atrocious actions of the Roman Empire and mistreatment of the Royal Family and its tribe. Manifestly, after the assault to her children, her family and her kingdom, it was time to seek vengeance. Boudicca triumphed as courageous female leader and despite the fragmentary nature of sources; there is strong historical evidence which depicts her heroic qualities. In the case of Boudicca, the public lashing she received and the rape of her daughters was a calculated political move on the part of the offending Romans, whose intent was to show the Celts their helplessness against the conquerors. For years Celtic tribes had suffered under roman domination and taxation. They had been driven off their own land and subject to lives as slaves and prisoners. After suffering yet enduring such great offences, Boudicca recruited neighbouring Celtic tribes which without a doubt strongly supported the revolt. Tacitus articulated that even neighbouring tribes which had not yet been cowed by slavery agreed in secret conspiracy to reclaim Celtic freedom. (Annals, 14,31). Cassius Dio, a Roman historian, could not overlook the magnanimity of Boudicca as he romantically depicts her in his literature when he displayed, She was huge of frame, terrifying of aspect, and with a harsh voice. A great mass of bright red hair fell to her knees: she wore a twisted Torc, and a tunic of any colours, over which was a thick mantle, festered by a broach. Now she grasped a spear to strike fear into all that watched her.(www.unc.edu). Without question, Boudiccas larger than life reputation, courageous persona and frightening stance was clearly recognised and depicted strongly in Roman history. Her ability to inspire support from neighbouring tribes in her vengeance in seeking to revolt made her a leader in her own right. Her final speech to her army, retold by Tacitus, displays the motivations of the Celts. Boudicca stated, Roman lust has gone so far that not our very person, nor even age or virginity, are left unpolluted If you weigh well the strength of the armies, and the causes of the war, you will see that this battle you must conquer or die. This is a womens resolve; as for men, they may live and be slaves, and captive.(www.unc.edu). Boudicca expresses that she would rather die than let herself and her tribe fall under the control of the Roman Empire. It is articulated that Boudicca saw the battle as life or death and that women will fight to the very end in the name of vengeance. Despite the fragmentary nature of the sources surrounding Boudicca, it is still evident that her efforts to build and motivate her army display her impact and inspiring leadership qualities. After the rape of her daughters, her own lashing and the outright theft of Iceni lands, Boudicca inspired an army of some 100,000 to break out from the oppression of the Roman Empire. Those who rose up against the Romans were few and far between. Perhaps the most significant factor is that the Roman Legions were far away from the Iceni Lands when the uprising occurred. Roman Governor Suetonius and his army were on the island of Mona and his march would take considerable time to intercept Iceni plans. Consequently, Camulodunum, Romans centre of rule, was attacked by Boudiccas troops and burnt to the ground. With little resistance in Boudiccas path, her army marched on to Londinum which suffered largely the same result as Camolodunum. Boudiccas army slaughtered the Roman people mercilessly. Inspired by vengeance the army marched on. Governor Suetonius described by Tacitus as an officer of distinguished merit, received news of the revolt and gathered 10,000 legionaries and marched them to stop Boudicca in her path of destruction. The exact location of the final battle is unknown but Boudiccas tribe were confident in their triumph against such a small Roman army. What the Iceni army did not have was militaristic training like the Roman soldiers did. Suetonius positioned his army on a hill leaving Boudiccas army to fight uphill, tired and hungry. Cassisus Dio described the Iceni as a swelling army in a battle that lasted all day with Boudicca sending wave after wave of Celts. (www.womenshistory.about.com) Tacitus gives an account of the final battle and tells of the women running around frantically, hair wild, naked and screaming, The Celtic chief was adorned to barbaric splendour with highly ornamental shields of armour. (www.conquest.caeraustralias.com.au) Boudicca was again presented in a heroic light yet her tribe was depicted as unhuman and unsophisticated. This is evident bias as the Romans stood for order and military discipline. Consequently, Boudiccas army were brutally defeated. Boudicca escaped with her daughters and it is believed that they ended their lives with poison to escape punishment and having to submit to the hands of Roman Rule. The Celtic tribes were hopelessly outmatched in militaristic methods yet they represented tradition and religion. Boudicca led a rebellion which literally and metaphorically set Roman Britain ablaze, but in doing so guaranteed the destruction of her people. Regardless of the fragmentary nature of the sources, Boudiccas influence is clear yet her fame in British and Roman history somewhat outweighs her achievements. Cassius Dio expresses the impact of Boudiccas revolt as he highlights, A terrible disaster occurred in Britain, Two cities we sacked, eighty thousand of the Romans and their allies perishedMoreover, all this ruin was brought upon the Romans by a women, a fact which in itself caused them the greatest shame. (M.J.Trow, 2005). Boudicca had clearly made a significant impact, but perhaps the most history making aspect of the revolt was the simple fact that its leader, Boudicca, was a female. Cassius continued to make reference to Boudiccas gender as he articulated that she possessed greater intelligence than what often belongs to a woman. (S.Busby, 2006). The shock to the Romans that a woman caused such a large uprising was evident and contributed greatly to her eminence. In contemporary times, Boudicca, warrior Queen of Iceni, is regarded as a heroine, a leader who stood her ground against foreign invasion. The misfortunes brought upon Boudicca and her tribe resulted in her vengeful seeking war against the Romans. The significant events which destroyed thousands of Romans, is a clear exemplar of her courage and leadership qualities. Despite fragmentary sources she rose as a strong female leader recruiting an outsized army. Her gender along with her achievements contributed immensely to her eminence and important place in history. Her name and history will constantly serve as a brutal yet remarkable reminder of Britains past.

Guiding Children’s Behavior

I have rated the fourteen steps to guiding children's behavior based on personal belief and experience. 1. Model Appropriate Behavior: Show, demonstrate, model and supervise. Children are watching you therefore you need to be the best role model you can be. As a positive role model you need to make good choices and encourage children to do their best too. It has been proven that children with positive role models have higher self-esteem, do better in school and social settings, and are more likely to make good choices in difficult/stressful situations. Positive role models can last a lifetime. 2. Meet Children's Needs: Children need to eat nutritional foods, drink plenty of water, and get enough sleep and exercise. Children need a safe environment at home and at school. Children need love, affection and respect. Children need to be given opportunities to be successful so they can build self-esteem. Children need to be given responsibility and independence so they can experience self-actualization. As caregivers, it is our responsibility to provide all of these needs, children need us to do this for them. 3. Use and Teach Conflict Management: Teach children how to successfully resolve conflicts. Children need to learn how to handle difficult situations, they don't know how to resolve a problem if we don't show them how. As a role model, it is important to display conflict resolution, children will learn by watching you. It is important to show children how to share, talk it over, take turns, choose to do something else, and say â€Å"sorry†. I think it is so important that adults apologize to children when it's appropriate, respect goes both ways, if you expect a child to say â€Å"I'm sorry† to you then as a role model you should apologize to children when necessary too. . Know and Use Developmentally Appropriate Practice: Learn as much as you can about children, have high but appropriate expectations. As an instructor, it is crucial to always continue learning about Early Childhood Education, stay up-to-date with current methods and trends. 5. Teach Cooperative Learning and Living: This is such an important step because it's a lifetime step. It is crucial to discuss cooperation with children because life is full of social interactions, they need to know how to cooperate in a group settings and how to recognize different behaviors. Talk with children about different behaviors and reactions so they understand how they are feeling and how to react appropriately. 6. Develop a Partnership with Parents, Families, & Others: As an instructor, it is your job to communicate with people who are important in your students life because they are influencing the child outside of the classroom. Make it clear to parents and caregivers that you are always available for communication, that you care about the child and want whats best for them. I think it is extremely important to involve parents and caregivers in classroom activities, they should know what you are teaching and how children are learning. Overall, if there is understanding and communication between parents and teachers then the child will probably have a more rewarding learning experience in the classroom and at home. 7. Empower Children: Children need to learn that they are ultimately responsible for their own behavior, allow children to have choices and support them. It is important that children know you trust their decisions and feel successful when they make positive choices. . Establish Appropriate Expectations: The expectations you have for children should be attainable and used as guideposts in learning. Children should have a clear understanding of rules and limits, this way they know what is expected of them. As an instructor, you should always be clear about exactly what you expect and what the consequences will be if rules and limits are broken. 9. Clarify your Beliefs about Guiding Behavior: It is important to be certain about what you want for children in the classroom and at home. Use a philosophy of education to guide your teaching and review it often, be sure you are always doing your best to do best for the children in your classroom. 10. Use Social Constructivist Approach: Teachers should always be guiding students to behave in a socially appropriate and productive way. Once again, you are a role model, be the best role model you can be, children are watching your decision making and behaviors. Make responsible choices so children can ape this behavior. 11. Help Children Build New Behaviors: Give children praise when necessary. I am a strong believer in the power of positive reinforcement, children react positively when you reward them for making good choices. It is important that children know you recognize they are choosing to make a good choice because it lets them know you are watching them and acknowleding their efforts to control their behavior. 12. Recognize & Value Basic Rights: We all have basic rights, children too! Respect their basic rights and it will be easier to guide and direct children's behavior. 13. Avoid Problems: Positive reinforcement is a great way to focus on good choices and show children that you appreciate their good behavior. Too many times I see parents and instructors who focus on negative behavior and forget to acknowledge positive decision making. If you ignore negative behavior children will learn that they will not get attention or reward for negative behavior. Be sure to always reward and focus on good decision making. Children will learn that by making good choices they will receive praise and rewards. 14. Arrange and Modify the Environment: The classroom should be a safe place of learning and fun. As an instructor, it is your responsibility to provide an annpropriate environment that supports learning for everyone.

Standardized Test and Dormitory Lodges - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6916 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? ACHIEVEMENT LEVEL OF BS NURSING STUDENT LIVING WITH FAMILY AND DORMITORY LODGES A RESEARCH Presented to The Faculty of Psychology Department Our Lady of Fatima University Quezon City In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Psychology By: Calinisan, Irish D. Oxeniola, Eryenn Mae M. Silvero, Mary Rose Ann M. October, 2009 Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction In entering college, many important factors that affect the academic achievement of each student who are living in a dormitory and the advantages of staying in their own house. In managing a comfortable student life, choosing a place where you will stay is one decision you should think of. While moving out on your own is a big step for most young people, also a learning experience will help them to realize just what it takes to survive in the real world. College life is a time when young adults learn who they really are. College is about living and getting to know you more. It is a time to examine and test new roles, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors. Many students from the province also wants to enjoy the high quality of education has in the city and some of them doesn’t have relatives around from where hey can stay while studying. College students face many challenges and changes throughout this crucial developmental time. This includes being away from home for the first time, worrying about being able to handle work and homesickness, balancing studying and partying, deciding whether or not he review his lessons. College students, on a daily basis, are forced to contend with such issues about their academic and social lives. A home is a place where the members feel they really belong. It reflects the spirit of friendliness and good will. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Standardized Test and Dormitory Lodges" essay for you Create order It is also a place for happiness and fun. Thus, the role of the parents and the home is vital in the upbringing of children. Living with your family and living all by yourself is like living on two different planets. It will affect every detail of your life, right down to the way you talk, the foods you eat, and how much money you can spend. It will also determine how often your friends visit and how much freedom you have. Living  with your parents is similar to living in a royal palace; you will enjoy the luxuries of an elegant house, clean laundry, and a slightly bigger budget. While living under the rule of the parents, you will have to leave the house in order to socialize. Living with your family force you to read your notes and do an assignment, because the eyes of your parents always stay with you. Therefore, they will have a higher expectation from your achievements in school. No one said that living in an unknown place, with unknown people and unusual circumstances is easy. Challenging are the experiences in a dormitory which eventually reveals a person’s alter ego, develop his grip of survival and tests his personal upbringing in one way or another. Nevertheless, life in dormitory be considered a real world or another place of compromise, several lessons are learned here that will either make or break a young mind at his time. Having a dormitory, students spend more time in studying and relaxing inside their respective rooms. They have a lot of time reviewing their lessons if they want to, especially if they have examinations. The dormitory becomes a comfortable and friendly â€Å"home away from home.   Students do their best to provide a family-like atmosphere in dorms. There is close interaction between students and their roommates, building an atmosphere of care and mutual understanding. Living alone, however, yields much more room for fun. The new freedom comes with a greater responsibility as well especially on the academic achievements of the students. Living alone, you will only prove to them that you can make it out on your own. The researchers have come up an idea to conduct a study in the difference of the achievement level among BS Nursing students of Our Lady of Fatima University living with family and students stay in dormitory lodges. The researchers aim to know which group performs better in their studies; which group doesn’t; or if there is no difference at all. Hopefully, the result of this study will help the readers in determining which living arrangement can be more beneficial to the students. It can serves as guide for those students who wants to stay in dormitory lodges. Statement of the Problem The purpose of this study is to find out the achievement level among BS Nursing of OLFU living with the family and in dormitory lodges. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions: 1) What is the demographic profile of BS Nursing students of OLFU living with family and dormitory lodges as to: 1. gender 1. 2 type of residents 1. 3. 1 dormitory residents 1. 3. 2 living with family 2) What is the achievement level of the respondents living with family? 3) What is the achievement level of the respondents living in dormitory lodges? 4) Is there a significant difference in the achievement level of BS nursing students living with family and dormitory lodges? Hypothesis: The hypothesis in this study is: Ho: There is no significant mean sco re difference in achievement level between living with family and dormitory lodges among BS Nursing of OLFU. Ha: There is a significant mean score difference in achievement level between living with family and dormitory lodges among BS Nursing of OLFU. Significance of the Study This study seems significantly serves as a guide for a deeper understanding in the aspect of achievement level among BS Nursing students of Our Lady of Fatima University living with family and students stay in dormitory lodges. This study aims the relevance to college students who are about to make pertinent decisions in terms of residency, how they achieve a high grades in their academic subjects and allowing them to have a worry-free education. To the nursing students who could help in recognizing the importance of residency that may affect their academic achievement. The findings will be useful for the nursing students to increase their awareness and provide significant information regarding their achievement level, whether living with family or students stay in dormitory lodges would be beneficial for them. To the parents who are equally pressed to choose between sending their children to school that are far from their respective homes and also to continuously monitor the grades of their children. To Our Lady of Fatima University and other colleges as well, to provide the students who are living with family and dormitory lodges, a proper guidance and orientation that they need to acquire and achieve for their intellectual capabilities. To the society, promotes the awareness and regulation forming in every student in terms of personal safety and security. Lastly, to the future researchers, to provide them a reference that will be very useful if find this topic interesting as a focus for further studies. Scope and Delimitations The aim of this study is to provide scientifically based information regarding the achievement level of students living with the family and dormitory lodges. This study is conducted in one hundred Third year BS nursing students at Our Lady of Fatima University which is presently enrolled in first semester for the academic year 2009-2010. For the delimitation, this research is conducted in a three (3) months basis. The respondents are one hundred (100) 3rd year nursing students, no second coursers. Those students who are staying with their relatives are not included. Other benefactors, particularly, attitudes and interpersonal values such as support conformity and recognition that can affect studies will not be included by this research. The researchers choose the respondents for the reason that this level is required to take the Nursing Aptitude Test (NAT) to measure their past and present academic achievement. Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES The researchers’ effort to comply with the study led them to compile relevant and meaningful information that will support their study. This chapter presents a number of relevant foreign and local related literature and studies that make this study more reliable. Foreign Related Literature David Prince (2006) stated that the State Board for Community and Technical Colleges adopted a System Direction with an overall goal to â€Å"raise the knowledge and skills of the state’s residents† by increasing educational attainment across the state. This goal is a substantial challenge for all of higher education, especially for community and technical colleges. Washington’s community and technical colleges serve a wide range of learning needs from adult literacy for immigrants and K12 drop outs through advanced high school students taking college credit classes. The Student Achievement Initiative is a new performance funding system for community and technical colleges. Its purposes are to both improve public accountability by more accurately describing what students achieve from enrolling in our colleges each year, and to provide incentives through financial rewards to colleges for increasing the levels of achievement attained by their students. It represents a shift from funding entirely for enrollment inputs to also funding meaningful outcomes. Clarence Fisher (2004) explained that Achievement is a tricky thing it covers a lot of ground,†. There is the official version of achievement which includes the students mastering to the greatest degree possible the curriculum outcomes which have been mandated in the province. This version is narrow and constrained and seems to be focused on very few things—academic knowledge, almost as a door to sort kids out not to help them achieve more. He stated, School is not about doing—it is about thinking and learning†. It is about students pursuing a learning agenda that grows out of what we are required to do by the province, but which evolves as we examine the issue as a class to have some personal meaning. In the Kerr School, they took the government curriculum and wrote 56 large units that stress higher-level thinking skills and use of technology. Each class usually progresses through six major units each year. Several units spanning several grade levels focused on one of the nearby lakes that used to be a tourist attraction but is falling apart. In each of the grades, students study one aspect of the lake—its history, for example, or environmental concerns. Bernajean Porter (2004) stated that effective technology uses have been found to increase the ability of students to achieve. If you want higher test scores, focus technology uses on higher thinking tasks. Almost everyone is aware of the controversy surrounding high stakes standardized testing. While standardized testing is the primary and sometimes single indicator of success in most schools, the majority of standards higher order thinking skills and complex tasks identified as necessary to prepare student for the 21st Century cannot presently be measured on these types of tests. However, even though raising standardized test scores is not recommended as an explicit goal, emerging evidence is accumulating that students using technology for higher order thinking tasks DO score higher on basic skills tests. Biernat Jax (2006) cited in book Student Mobilitys Effect on Academic Achievement that children caught in the shuffle, frequent moves into different schools and/or homes can negatively impact academic performance. With poverty and mobility both contributing to the achievement gap—and with poverty being highly correlated with mobility—understanding how these issues jeopardize achievement is critical. Student mobility has a negative impact on educational achievement for students and schools, creating an achievement gap between mobile and non mobile students. Frequent relocation interrupts regular attendance, continuity of lesson content, and the development of relationships with teachers and peers. In addition, high student mobility has a slowing effect on basic skills acquisition, creating a long-term risk of school failure and dropout. Another risk, because academic records are not always available, is inappropriate placement in a new school—placement in programs for the gifted and talented or in remedial classes when neither is appropriate. Local Related Literature Despabiladeras and Mesias, (2004) cited that in the Philippines, the common people often call dormitories boarding houses. During the earlier period, dormitories are even called â€Å"internas† paid for temporary lodging. They also mentioned some of the important considerations for choosing a boarding house. First it is sanitation; the place has to be clean in order to avoid health problems. Second would be safety and security, so that the residents would be safe from any untoward residents. A boarding house must be conclusive to one’s academic schedule and lifestyle. Next is accessibility, every student’s reason for staying in a boarding house is to be near in their school of choice in order to save time. Affordability is an important consideration too, so that it cannot affect the finances of student and their families. They only have limited allowance and they have to budget it wisely. Lastly is convenience, the place should be comfortable to live and the best play to study. Edmund Rogers (2009) cited in his article that many college students live in a dormitory for at least their freshman year in college. Student housing can be an economical living arrangement for students that provides opportunities to get involved in campus activities and make new friends. For students making the inaugural move away from the comfort and discipline of their parent’s home for the first time, dorm life can also be quite a shocking lifestyle change. When moving into a dorm room, it is important to pack appropriately for the space you have available. Dorm room space is usually quite limited, with a few drawers, a small closet space and community bathrooms. Dorm living may require paring down a bit if you are accustomed to a massive wardrobe and ample storage. If your dormitory does have community bathrooms, be prepared with a caddy to transport your shower items to and from the restroom conveniently, as well as a pair of shoes you can wear in the shower. You will also need some type of basket or hamper in which to transport laundry between a common laundry facility and your room. Collapsible hampers make an excellent choice for living quarters with minimal storage space. To save space, coordinate with your roommate in advance to avoid bringing duplicates of items that you and your roommate can share, such as an iron, microwave or television. Dorm living often involves sharing close living quarters with a roommate, a first for most college freshmen. Having a roommate is just one of the many drastic changes to which college freshmen must adjust in order to make the most of their college experience. Whether the roommate is a friend or a random pairing, some compromise will likely be necessary in order for each party to get the most from his or her living arrangement. Respecting one another’s wishes can be particularly challenging when two roommates operate on different sleep or study schedules. Maintaining a patient and polite tone when expressing your concerns or making requests of a roommate can go a long way toward creating a living environment in which both parties can thrive. And remember, if you request that your roommate alter any aspect of his or her behavior to accommodate your lifestyle, you must be willing to do the same for him or her. On the other hand, you do not want your entire year to be affected if you have a roommate with whom you cannot work out your differences. In this case, you may speak with your Resident Advisor about getting a new roommate or transferring to a single inhabitant room. Since an individual dormitory can house hundreds or even thousands of students at once, dorm life offers ample socialization opportunities for students. Engrossed in their newfound freedom, many freshmen fall prey to the abundant distractions and neglect academics as a result. Adjusting to dorm life and to college in general involves striking a balance between academic responsibilities and having fun. If you fail to focus on your education, your grades can suffer, causing you to lose a scholarship or financial aid, and student loan funds are wasted if you do not earn credits. You may have to make the effort to go to a library or another quiet location to study if the noise levels in your dormitory are too distracting. While some students love the constant activity in a dorm setting, others dislike it and cannot wait to take the next step. Regardless of which group you fall in, try to appreciate dorm life for what it is—a once in a lifetime opportunity to experience college life to its fullest. Iluster (2004) cited in his article in Manila Bulletin that several problems are being encountered while living in a dormitory. Some of these are inadequate worker, curfew hours does not fit their class schedule, lights off at night and bad dorms food. Problems of adjusting with the landlord/ landlady  and co-dormers added with the responsibilities of living independently. Gonzalez (2004) cited in his journal titled â€Å"Is it nature or nurture that encourages achievement? † that the reinforcement and expectations are higher and the environment better for academic achiever in families were learning and knowledge and the attainment of degrees are highly prized. The remedy for better achievement is not racial comparison and the creation of a sub culture in the Filipino family that will praise academic achievement especially in mathematics. This is the work of generations, a tradition arising from family values nurtured by a culture. Foreign Studies From the research of Gakuin (2005) formulated that first-year students living on campus perform better academically than those who live off campus. Perhaps it’s because students living in dorms are closer to the things they need, like the library and the computer labs. Or maybe it’s because the meal plan that comes with most dormitories take the pressure off having to storage for food, giving students more time to study. Think of all the potential study partners floating around the hallways or energetically high lighting their textbooks in the study lounge. No wonder dorm life for first years is such a good idea. Hattiesburg (2004) cited in his research that goal-directed self-imposed delay of gratification to be essential in emotional intelligence. In means that, ones ability is to focus on the task at hand, despite other competing goals, exemplifies delayed gratification and task accomplishment. Furthermore, such research suggested that the ability to focus on a particular problem (e. . , solving an algebraic equation) was a direct reflection on ones ability to effectively use their other mental capacities. Okpala (2004) stated in his research â€Å"Comparative Study of Student Achievement in Traditional Schools and Schools of Choice in North Carolina† that this policy study examined the differences in student achievement scores in reading and mathematics in selected public middle schools o f choice and in traditional public middle schools with similar demographics and socioeconomic characteristics in a southeastern school district in North Carolina. The purpose was to determine whether there were significant differences in academic achievement between students in selected public middle schools of choice and students in traditional public middle schools as measured by the end-of-grade test scores in reading and mathematics. The result from the one-way ANOVA showed that there were significant differences n academic achievement between students in selected public middle schools of choice and students in traditional public middle schools as measured by the end-of-grade tests in reading and mathematics. Kerbow,(2005) cited in his research it clearly indicates the negative effects of student mobility. Forty-one percent of highly mobile students are low achievers, compared with twenty-six percent of stable students. The more frequently a child changes his/her school, the greater the threat to academic achievement. Furthermore, according to the U. S. Government Accounting Office (2004), children who change schools more than three times before eighth grade are at least four times more likely to drop out of school. Another study found that successive school changes result in a cumulative academic lag—students who move more than three times in a six-year period can fall one full academic year behind stable students. Local Studies Marzano (2004) stated from his research the â€Å"What Works in Schools: Translating Research into Action† that educational researchers, educational practitioners, and the public at large have assumed that socioeconomic status (SES) is one of the best predictors of academic achievement. He concluded, That a strong relationship exists between all kinds of achievement variables and what has come to be known as socioeconomic status (SES). He also notes that the belief in the strong relationship between SES and student achievement is so pervasive that it has rarely been questioned. The family characteristic that is the most powerful predictor of school performance is socioeconomic status (SES) the higher the SES of the students family, the higher his academic achievement. This relationship has been documented in countless studies and seems to hold no matter what measure of status is used (occupation of principal bread-winner, family income, parents education, or some combination of these). Fontanilla (2007) cited in this studies that high school density like long corridors and small rooms can have negative social and psychological effects on residence particularly because density leads to lack personal control louder noise that are intermittent and uncontrollable has negative effects to as shown in this study that first year students assigned to denser, nosier dormitories develop less social support by the end of the first term. These findings argue against present dormitory design, which appears to be more the result of economic expedience. First year students living on campus perform better academically than those who live off campus. Perhaps it’s because students living in dorms are closer to the things that they need, like the library and the computer laboratory. No wonder dorm life is such a good idea. Theodore Coladarci (2004) cited in his, the data reflecting the match between teacher-based assessments of students’ achievement levels and an objective measure of student learning. These data are treated as relevant to the validity or accuracy of the judgmental measures. The paper begins with a discussion of two contexts in which such judgments are relevant: the teacher decision-making and assessment contexts. The second section presents a review of studies in which data are presented on the match between judgments and test scores. Two types of studies are reviewed. The first represents an indirect test of validity in the sense that there is a discrepancy between the judgmental measure (usually a rating of achievement) and the criterion measure (a score on a standardized achievement test). The second provides a more direct test of validity in that teachers are directly asked to estimate the achievement test performance of their students. On the whole, the results revealed high levels of validity for the teacher-judgment measures. The studies revealed, however, some variability across teachers in accuracy levels and suggested the operation of certain other moderator variables. The paper concludes with a set of recommendations for future research on the judgments and a set of recommendations for improvements in the teacher-assessment process. Bernardo (2004) stated in his journal titled (â€Å"Culturally- rooted Beliefs and Learning Exploring the relationship among social actions, achievement goal, and learning strategies of Filipino College students. †) that recent international comparisons of educational achievement revealed significant differences in educational achievement levels of students in different countries. Most educational scholar attempted to explain these differences by referring to difference in educational inputs and processes. But psychologists who have looked at the phenomenon explained the possibility that socio-cultural factors may be related to the different levels of achievement attained by students from different countries and cultures. For example, soon after the results of the 3rd International Math and Science survey was revealed, Stevenson and Stigler published their extensive research comparing Japanese, Chinese and American learners in terms of a wide range of culturally rooted psychological variable. These variables include how notion of success and achievement our socialized in children, beliefs on the relative role of ability and effort on academic success, parent’s level of satisfaction and expectation on related to their children’s academic achievement among others. From then on, the cultural dimensions of learning gainer much attention from the psychology research community. Theoretical Framework A theoretical framework is one of the most important parts of a study. Here, theories related to a particular study are given emphasis and further explained. Achievement Motivation Theory is contributed by John W. Atkinson and David McClelland. This theory rests on the belief that most persons want to achieve and experience levels of aspiration. The level of aspiration concept, stresses that people tend to want to succeed at the highest possible level while at the same time avoiding the possibility of failure. The need for achievement is increased when persons experience success. If students experience success their need for achievement will thus be strengthened. However, psychologists have observed that some females in some situations may fear success if it interferes with relationships. Psychologists have developed the Attribution Theory to explain the factors to which students attribute failure. Low achievers tend to attribute failure to a lack of ability, and success to luck. High achievers, on the other hand, tend to attribute failure to a lack of effort, and success to effort and ability. The following theoretical constructs were abstracted from experimental findings on aspects of Achievement Theory. First, students are motivated to learn and achieve when they perceive that their teachers care about them. Teachers who care were described as demonstrating democratic interaction styles, developing expectations for student behavior in light of individual differences, modeling a caring attitude toward their own work, and providing constructive feedback. Second, students do not seek help if they perceive that their self-worth is threatened, if their cognitive competence is low, and if they perceive little benefit in seeking help. Third, students who are highly motivated and make use of learning strategies are most likely to achieve. Different strategies may be more or less important depending on how new the material is to the student. If this is the case, teachers should emphasize domain-specific strategies when introducing a new unit to emphasize strategies that are less domain-specific later in the year, when the information is no longer new. Lastly, students are most likely to cheat if their schools focus on performance and ability as opposed to mastery, if cheating is congruent with their personal beliefs, if their teachers emphasize extrinsic factors, and if there is anxiety and worry associated with schooling. Conceptual Framework Dormitory Residents BS Nursing Students of Our Lady of Fatima University QC Achievement Level Living with Family High Average Average Low Very Low Figure 1 shows the achievement level as categorize in high average, average, low and very low of BS Nursing students of Our Lady of Fatima University living with family and students stay in dormitory lodges. Definition of Terms The following definitions are used in this study: Achievement. Define as similar to accomplishment. In this study, it refers to the skills, knowledge and abilities of the students as measured by Nursing Aptitude Test (NAT). Analytical Reasoning. It is not only about how quickly you do calculations with numbers but how you understand the problem (or given situation) and come up with solution considering given constraints. Students develop competencies to master their ability to make quick decisions necessary in their personal and professional growth. Applied Sciences. It is the application of knowledge from one or more natural scientific fields to solve practical problems. Daily Life Science. It is concern in all about daily human living. It measures how the students’ familiar in the human medical sciences. Dormitory. A facility providing sleeping quarters for a number of persons. It refers to the temporary house where students stay while he or she is studying near to the school. Family. It is a fundamental social group in society typically consisting of one or two parents and their children. It refers to respondents living within one roof. Inorganic Chemistry. It is the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds. Mathematic Skills. Practice the skills of nursing students in any problem solving and dealing with numbers. Organic Chemistry. It is a discipline within chemistry involves a scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of chemical compounds that contain carbon. In this study, it measures how the respondents familiar in medicines and chemicals. Nursing Aptitude Test (NAT). It is used to measure the past and present academic knowledge of nursing students. It is a tool to measure the achievement level of the respondents. Physics. It is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the world and universe behave. Reading Comprehension. It is a skill separates the passive unskilled reader from the active readers. In this study it is defined as the level of understanding of writing. Students. It is used for anyone who is learning. It refers to the respondents of the study. Vocabulary skills. It is a skill where language uses as knowledge of words. It serves as practice to be familiar on different terms. Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the different methods of the research design elaborates the research method use in this study and how the researchers gather data information. Research Design The descriptive- correlation method of research was used in this study since it is concerned with the achievement level of BS Nursing students in Our Lady of Fatima University, Quezon City, who are currently living with family and dormitory lodges. The researchers choose to use the said method, descriptive- correlation study to find out the present state of the respondents achievement level to compare the results of those who are residing in dormitories and to those who are living with family. Locale and Population of the Study The study was conducted in Our Lady of Fatima University. This university consists of three buildings named College of Arts and Sciences (CAS), San Jose Building (SJB) and Vicente Santos Building (VSB) in Lagro, Quezon City. There are two buildings in Regalado, Quezon City coded as NBR and Fatima Eye Rehabilitation. The forte of this university is the medical science field. The respondents are the Our Lady of Fatima University Third year BS nursing students who are living with family and dormitory lodges. The respondents are comprised of one hundred students which are presently enrolled in first semester for the academic year 2009-2010. The researchers have used Purposive Sampling Technique (Non- Probability) to choose the respondents based on the following criteria: Gender and Type of Residents. Instrumentation In order for the researchers to gather important data needed for the completion of the research, the researchers used instruments like survey forms, letters to the respondents noted by the adviser and the dean, and Nursing Aptitude Test. The researchers also read articles, previous study, thesis, books in the library related to the study. The researchers used the Nursing aptitude test to measure the achievement level of the respondents. The said test measures the following criteria: A. Applied Sciences 1. Physics The multiple choice questionnaire tries to measure your comprehensions for mechanics, measurements, and laws of thermodynamics, acceleration, and momentum. 2. Organic and Inorganic Chemistry You have to take care of the patients with certain medicines and chemicals. You are expected to know basics of solvents, electrons, titration, and periodic table. B. Daly Life Science You need to learn basics of TCA cycle, ATP, cardiac control, human nervous system, endocrine glands, ECG basics, cardiovascular system, lungs and respiratory effects, thyroid hormones, etc. You are expected to hear and use these basic things about the human medical science for your life long nursing career. C. Vocabulary Skills The nursing career requires you to have correct knowledge of different words. Sometimes, your wrong perception of words can put lives of the patients in severe danger. That’s why vocabulary skills are tested with nursing aptitude test. D. Mathematics Skills Though the nursing aptitude tests include only a portion of math to test your mathematical reasoning but it is still a important to know about real numbers, fractions, trigonometry, area calculations, logarithmic scale etc. E. Reading Comprehension In your nursing career you will have often to read the instructions issued by the doctors during their visits. When you fail to comprehend the simple instructions, you can’t help the patients in any way. So your reading comprehension is also tested before you qualify for entry level nursing jobs. F. Analytical Reasoning Your analytical reasoning capability helps you to take quick decisions in emergencies and daily life nursing services. Most of the nursing aptitude tests include this portion understand you before you are selected for a nursing career. Data Gathering Procedure The researchers made survey questionnaire and letter for the respondents noted by the adviser and the dean. The researchers requested a copy of Nursing Aptitude Test in the guidance office. From then, the researchers start to administer the test and attached to this was a survey form. It was indicated that the respondents have to answer whether they are living with their parents or staying in dormitory lodges. After the data collection, the researchers made a tally form based on the total score of all the respondents from the Nursing Aptitude Test. Statistical Treatment The data gathered are tallies according to the variables of the study arrive at the right interpretation. The data are statistically treated the following statistical tools were used: 1) Percentage Method- the actual quantity represented by the percent. This method was used to determine the percentage of the demographic profile and achievement level of the respondents. Formula Percentage (%) = fn? 100 Wherein: f= frequency (total number of respondents) P= percentage n= total number of respondents 2) Mean- arithmetic average is defined as the sum of the values in the data group divided by the number of values. This was used to determine the highest and lowest scores. Formula: X=nN Wherein: X= the mean n= number of respondents N= total scores ) Z-test-is a statistical test used in inference which determines if the difference between a sample mean and the population mean is large enough to be statistically significant. Inferential statistics or statistical induction comprises the use of Statistics to make Inferences concerning some unknown aspect of a Population In Statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance. It is used primarily with standardized testing to determine if the tes t scores of a particular sample of test takers are within or outside of the standard performance of test takers. Formula: z=x1-x2 2n? + 2n? Wherein: x? = sample mean of the scores living with family x? = sample mean of scores living in dormitory 2= population variances of scores living with family 2= population variances of scores living in dormitory n? = sample size of the respondents living with family n? = sample size of the respondents living in dormitory Chapter 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter presents, analyses, and interprets the data gathered out of the instruments used in the study presented according to the specific problems. Table 1. 1. This table presented the percentage distribution according to gender. It shows that the female respondents got the highest percentage of 68%, with a total raw score of 68 which most of the respondents belong to. Then, the male respondents got the lowest percentage of 32%, with a total raw score of 32. The total mean of the frequency is 50. Table 1. 1 Percentage Distributions of the Respondents According to Gender Gender| Frequency| Percentage (%)| Male| 32| 32%| Female| 68| 68%| Total| 100| 100| Table 1. 2. This table presented the percentage distribution according to type of residents. It shows that the respondents living with family and living in dormitory has an equal number and percentage. Table 1. 2 Percentage Distributions of the Respondents According to Type of Residents Type of Residents| Frequency| Percentage (%)| Living with Family| 50| 50%| Living in Dormitory| 50| 50%| Total| 100| 100| Table 2. This table presented the percentage distributions of the respondents living with family and dormitory. It shows that 2% of the respondents living with family got high average, 4% of the respondents fall in a very low level, 32% of the respondents have an average score, and 62% of the respondents fall in low level. While, there is no respondents living in dormitory got high average, 8% of the respondents got the very low level, 32% of the respondents fall in average level and 60% 0f the respondents got the low level. Table 2 Distributions of Frequency of the Respondents According to Residents Score Range| Nursing Aptitude Test| Living with Family| Living in Dormitory| | | Frequency(f)| Percentage (%)| Frequency(f)| Percentage (%)| 200-151| High average| 1| 2| 0| 0| 150-101| Average| 16| 32| 16| 32| 100-51| Low| 31| 62| 30| 60| 0-0| Very Low| 2| 4| 4| 8| Total| | 50| 100| 50| 100| Table 3. The table shows the mean score of the respondents living with family got 90. 14 while the mean score of the respondents living in dormitory got 87. 02. The computed value of the z-test 0. 46 is less than the critical value which is 1. 96; it means the researchers accept the null hypothesis. Therefore, there is no significant mean score difference in achievement level between living with family and dormitory lo dges among BS Nursing of OLFU. Table 3 Computed Value of Z-test among BS Nursing of OLFU-QC Living with Family and Dormitory Lodges Living with Family(X)| Living in Dormitory(X)| Computed Value| Critical Value| Comparison| Decision| Interpretation| X=90. 14| X=87. 02| 0. 46|  ±1. 96| Computed value is lesser than the critical value| Accept the Ho: Null hypothesis| There is no significant mean score difference in achievement level between living with family and dormitory lodges among BS Nursing of OLFU. | Chapter 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS Summary Student’s nowadays are becoming more focused on their studies. With that, they are also find suitability in terms of dwelling space. Here in the Philippines, oftentimes, the best education is offered in the city and a lot of aspiring individuals tend to grab that chance even if they live in the province. A lot of entrepreneurs took hold this chance and established dormitories near schools for the safety and convenience of students. Some students choose to stay with their family and some are residing in dormitory, they always find a place that is appropriate for their studying so they can do well in their academic subjects. This study aimed to determine the Achievement Level of Third year BS nursing students of Our Lady of Fatima University-Quezon City who are currently living with family and dormitory lodges. The subjects were taken from Our Lady of Fatima University-Quezon City. The researchers choose a total of one hundred (100) Third year BS nursing students as their subjects. Fifty (50) of which are living with family, while fifty (50) of which are living in dormitory. All the selected subjects were presently enrolled in the Academic year 2009-2010. The research instrument used in the study was Nursing Aptitude Test, a standardized test for the determination of past and present knowledge of Third year BS nursing. The frequency distribution, mean, standard population variances and z-test statistical methods have been used to test the hypothesis. The hypotheses were tested on the O. O5 level of significance. Based on the results of the study, the findings were as follows: 1) The demographic profile of the respondents were: 1. 1. As a result of the study 68% of the respondents are female and 32% of the respondents are male. . 2. As a result of the study 50% of the respondents are living with family and 50% are living in dormitory lodges. 2) Based on the gathered data, the Achievement level of BS nursing student living with family has a mean score 90. 14 while the student living in dormitory lodges has a mean score of 87. 02. Even though the scores of students living with family were quite higher than the scores who are residing in dormitory, still, they both they both failed as measured by the Nursing Aptitude Test (NAT). ) It was found out that there is no significant mean score difference in achievement level between living with family and dormitory lodges among BS Nursing of Our Lady of Fatima University-Quezon City. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study, the researchers concluded the following: 1) Even though some students are living independently they have the same achievement level to those students who are under the supervision of their parents. ) There are many factors to consider that may affect the achievement level of the students, not only their environment. 3) It has also been founded that living in dormitory are somehow similar to those who are living with family because they can create a comfortable and friendly â€Å"home away from home† 4) Having done this study, the researchers found out the answer to their query and confusion that the Achievement Level of Third year BS nursi ng student is the same whether they are living with family or in dormitory lodges. Recommendation: The researcher recommends the following: 1. The students who wish to leave home should not be discouraged by their parents, for it teaches them the value of responsibility and independence. They should be mature enough to handle big responsibilities and must be ready to accept the consequences of whatever actions they did. 2. The parents should motivate their sons and daughters to be responsive enough in their studies. Guidance and support must also give preference to value their education. They should keep in mind that their children has to grow and has to learn the facts of life in and outside their homes. 3. The administrators must give full support and consideration for the students who need to attain higher grades. They must also play role to be a good educators to their students. 4. And lastly, to the respondents who are currently living with their family and living in dormitory lodges should set a goal for them to achieve. The respondents must exert more efforts to their study habits to attain passing scores prior to their achievement in examination.

Investigation Of The Financial Performance Of Maybank - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3027 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Production or gain from a financial institution is depending on some issues whether the external control or the internal control. External control refer to the environment in our country like economy growth and inflation that effect the purchasing power of customer as the price of goods increases, customer demand will increase too. The Malaysian economy actually moves together with strong financial system. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Investigation Of The Financial Performance Of Maybank" essay for you Create order Strong financial system of a country will contribute to economic growth. Economic growth of a country like Malaysia is measured in terms of real GDP. According to Travel Document Systems ( 1996) ,since independent on 1957 until 2005, Malaysian economy had grew by 6.5% per year automatically it become the best country in Asia at that time. Banks nowadays struggled to maintain a good performance in order to fulfill its objectives of satisfying their customers, employees, depositors and government according to Askari Commercial Bank ( 2006 ). The evolution of financial system in Malaysia has been significant. 7.2 per cent economic growth registered by the country last year was the highest achievement over 10 years and was driven by the two stimulus packages as well as the management of countrys financial and banking system by Bank Negara said the Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak (2011) . 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Profit is the major focus of why everybody struggles to make sure their business going well as profit is the important sources of funds. This paper will measure financial performance of Maybank Bhd and determinant of data by identifying the profitability performance of Maybank Bhd. It is important to understand the profitability of commercial bank after considering certain factors that may contribute to the profitability. The research is based on the performance of Maybank from 2001 to 2010. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT A financial institution is a profit-seeking organization owned by shareholders who expect to gain return with the risk associated that they have to face. There are many factors that contribute to bank profitability. According to Bankers Journal Malaysia, for Malaysian Banks, more than 80% of their total income is attributed to interest income. Previous studies have also found that interest income and non-interest income have a positive effect on bank profitability. However besides those banking characteristics of internal variables, there are some external variable that may affect the banks profitability performance that cannot be overemphasized like inflation and GDP. Earlier studies by Al-Hajji, Mohsen (2003) have found positive relationship between the GDP and bank profitability. When GDP increases, profitability of the bank will increase too. Adverse result was found about relationship between inflation and bank profitability. This study will answer the question of how inter est income, non-interest income, GDP and inflation rate relate with bank profitability also how is well is the performance of Maybank Bhd during the period of study. RESEARCH QUESTION Dependent and independent variables are studied to find solution about the profitability performance of Maybank Berhad. Factors affecting performance of Maybank Berhad can be comprises into external and internal factors. The criteria that will be evaluated are interest income, non-interest income , interest expenses, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and inflation rate. The intent of this study is to examine the effect of all this factors towards performance of Maybank Berhad. This research problem leads to questions concerning relationship between selected criteria. In this research, there are few question were asked as listed below : 1.3.1 To what extend inflation rate effect the performance of Maybank Berhad? What are the relationship between dependent variable and independent variables ? 1.3.3 What is the factor that most effect profitability ratio of Maybank Berhad? 1.4 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY The main objective of this study is to study the factors attributes to the profitability performance of Maybank Bhd. comprises of interest income, non-interest income ,Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and inflation rate. The study also will determine the profitability performance of bank for 10 years period. Apart from that, there are few supporting objectives to support the main purpose were listed below : To study the relationship between internal variables and bank profitability. To identify whether bank cost and bank revenues will contribute to profitability performance of Maybank Bhd. To determine which factors contribute the most to profitability of Maybank Bhd. To analyze the trend of Maybank profitability over 10years and identify Maybanks strength and weaknesses using certain profitability ratios. SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY Bank profits refer to the return on invested capital and it is important to company as well as the shareholder. Bank profits can be considered as benefit to depositors as it shows stronger, safer and efficient banking system in the increases in revenues and services improvements. Indirectly borrowers also will get the benefits since the bank lending rate depends of ability of banks capital accounts. This paper will focus on some categories as follows: Facilitate researcher to find out the major factors contributing to the profitability performance of commercial banks especially Maybank Bhd. To assist the researcher to be more alert on how to manage and overcome problems that could come together with independent variables and provide guides on how to improve profitability performance. Also provide information on banks profitability strength and weaknesses that could be use by the customers as an evaluation of banks performance. The researcher may also view the performance trend of Maybank Bhd. during this 10 years from 2001 to 2010. 1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY This research paper will focus on the financial performance of Maybank Berhad based on banks profitability. The factors that will be evaluate are divided into 2 which are external factors (Gross Domestic Product, and inflation) and internal factors ( interest income, non-interest income ). 1.7 LIMITATION OF STUDY The limitations of this study is the data only for 10years starting 2001 to 2010. Furthermore the data come from secondary data and sometimes may be adequate or accurate. Besides most of the data were gathered from journals, BNM à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Maybank annual reports , and articles. 1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS 1.8.1 Profit According to Wikipedia, profit  can be considered as the difference between the purchase  price  and the  costs  of bringing to market whatever it is that is accounted as an enterprise or in a simple word it means money gained in business. 1.8.2 Interest Income Companies sometimes keep their cash in short-term deposit investments such as certificates or deposit with maturities up to twelve months, savings account, and money market funds. The cash placed in these accounts earn interest for the business, which is recorded on the income statement as interest income. Interest income will fluctuate each year with the amount of cash a company keeps on hand and the general level of interest rates as set by the Federal Reserve. (Source: Joshua Kennen à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Investing for beginners guide ) 1.8.3 Operating profit The profit earned from a firms normal core business operations. This value does not include any profit earned from the firms investments (such as earnings from firms  in which  the company has partial interest) and the effects of interest and taxes. It is also  known as earnings before interest  and tax (EBIT). (Source:https://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/operating_profit.asp) 1.8.3 Profitability Analysis Analysis that assigns revenues and costs to major customers or groups of customers rather than to organizational units, products, or other objects. The results may direct organizational resources toward more profitable uses. It is an application of segmented reporting in which a customer group is treated as a segment. It is especially helpful when combined with an activity-based costing approach that determines which activities are performed for each group and assigns costs based on appropriate drivers. (Source : https://www.answers.com) 1.8.4 Inflation Inflation is An increase in the amount of currency in circulation, resulting in a relati vely sharp and sudden fall in its value and rise in prices: it may be caused by an increase in the volume of paper money issued or of gold mined, or a relative increase in expenditures as when the supply of goods fails to meet the demand. (Source : Websters New Universal Unabridged Dictionary) 1.8.5 Financial Ratios Ratios that measure a firms ability to meet its short-term financial obligations on time, such as the ratio of current assets to current liabilities. (Source : The Free Dictionary by Farlex ) 1.8.6 Gross Domestic Product Gross domestic product (GDP) refers to the market value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given period. It is often considered an indicator of a countrys standard of living. Gross domestic product is related to national accounts, a subject in macroeconomics. ( Source : https://erbwikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product ). Interest Expense Interest expense is a non-operating or other expense for the cost of borro wed money or other credit. The amount of interest expense appearing on the income statement is the cost of the money that was used during the time interval shown in the heading of the income statement, not the amount of interest paid during that period of time. (Source : Accounting Couch) SUMMARY In this chapter, we have discussed about the influence of factors affecting profitability performance of Maybank Berhad and the question that need to be answered in this paper. This research examined the bank profitability which focused on both the returns on bank assets and equity, net interest rate margins and net operating margin. High performance comes from effort given by bank management to produce high profit while facing risk related. Firm need to generate income as much as possible as banking institution is a profit-orientation company. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION Bank performance depends on the profitability measurement of banks financial statement. It is recognized that the growth of the banking system is dependent on a strong and stable economic development. PREVIOUS STUDY This paper deals with performance of commercial bank, focuses on Maybank Berhad. Some of previous study that relate with this research are Masood et al. (2009) revealed that in case of calculating profitability in terms of ROE or ROA the most significant internal and external factors affecting Saudi banks are capital adequacy ratio, earning assets to deposits ratio, operational efficiency, growth rate in GDP, and banking sector development. He finds also that variables to do with credit risk, inflation rate and interbank offered rate are insignificant and have a low effect on all indicators of profitability. The results in the speech by Tan Sri Dato Ali Abu Hassan Bin Sulaiman, Governor of BNM, (23 September 1998), he stated that since the onset of the financial crisis, BNM had instituted a number of measures , amongst others included tighter loan classficication policy for non-performing loans and a limit on lending for the purchase of shares. Since then, the financial crisis adve rsely affected the real economy, resulting in real GDP contracting by 4.8% during the first half of 1998. Year 1998 was a difficult year for the banking system while 1year after that was the recovery year in the performance of banking system. (BNM 1999 Annual Report Press Conference). Haslem (1968) defined profitability as the capacity to gain or profit, or to return a profit or income. Profit is the measured for productive capacity of a company. According to Orl and Yolalan(1990), profitability performance evaluation of a banks should be linked to decision model so as to associate the result obtained with the decision. Meanwhile, according to Bashir and Hassan , (2003) on their study on the factors influencing the profitability of Islamic banks in eight Middle Eastern countries for the period 1993à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"1998, they find that the higher leverage and large loans-to-asset ratios lead to higher profitability. This study also indicates a positive relationship between macroe conomic variables, stock market development and profitability of banks. Ben Ben Naceur and Goaied (2006) they find that macroeconomic indicators like inflation, GDP, and market concentration ratio have no impact on banks interest margin and profitability. However, financial structure variables (stock market capitalization divided by total assets or GDP) do have a positive effect on the return on assets. Staikouras and Wood (2003) said that macroeconomic indicators (variability of interest rate, growth of GDP) had a negative impact on profitability. Chance and Lane [1980], and Sweeney and Warga [1986] find little evidence that supports the interest rate sensitivity of bank or financial institutions stock returns. On the other hand, studies such as Lynge and Zumwalt [1980], Booth and Officer [19851, Scott and Peterson [1986], and more recently Chaudry and Reichert [1999] suggest that the stock returns of financial institutions are highly sensitive to changes in interest rates.   Different result from Kosmidou and Pasiouras (2007) which they examine how a banks specific characteristics and the overall banking environment affect the profitability of commercial domestic and foreign banks operating in the 15 EU countries and they found that the main determinants of profitability measured by ROAA, macroeconomic conditions (inflation, growth of GDP) and financial market structure (stock market capitalization to total assets or to GDP, total assets to GDP) are statistically significant and related to both domestic and foreign banks profitability. Apart from that, Bourke (1989), Heggested (1977) using the consumer price index (CPI) as a proxy for inflation both of them made a research on relationship between profit and inflation and the result, both studies found that inflation had a significant relationship with profit. Earlier study from Revell (1980). believed that inflation could be a factor in the causation of variations in banks profitability. For stud ied on total expenses, items that fall within the control of bank management can be broadly divided into 3 categories: staff expenses, provision for loan losses, and other general expenses. Expenses, such as payment for income tax, are considered statutory expenses and hence beyond the control of management. Devinaga Rasiah (2010) . THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In this study, 4 factors were chosen to be evaluated. They are return of unit trust fund, risk level of unit trust, diversification level and last but not least is risk-adjusted level. Below is the relationship between dependent variable and independent variables. Title : Investigation of The Financial Performance of Maybank Berhad Bank interest income Bank Non-Interest Income GDP Inflation rate Bank Profitability Interest Expense DEPENDENT VARIABLE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY AND DATA 3.0 INTRODUCTION This study will analyze the relationship between dependent variable (profitability of Maybank Bhd) and independent variables (interest income, non-interest income, inflation rate and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ).This study will covered 10 years data from 2001 until 2010 and will be done using Statistical Package For Social Science (SPSS). Furthermore, hypothesis will be tested whether it can be accepted or rejected. This will provide more understanding view among variables. The advantage of using profitability ratios is that they are inflation invariant that is they are not affected by changes in price levels. This is useful in a time series analysis such as this, where the real value of profits may be distorted by the time varying inflation rates as stated by Devinaga Rasiah (2010). 3.1 DATA COLLECTION Data was collected using annual reports of Maybank Bhd. The data collection was compiled from the financial statement also the balance sheets from Maybanks annual reports for 10 years.. All the data will be evaluate accordingly to see the relationship between the dependent and independent variables also to test the hypothesis. Besides some of the data comes from Internet website like video on news and some articles which contain information about Maybank Bhd. 3.2 SAMPLING FRAME 10 years data was chosen as to see the latest profitability performance of Maybank Bhd. 10 years data is enough to show the flow of performance of bank to see whether it has consistent performance or not and factors which relate the most to banks performance can be determine. 3.3 SOURCES OF DATA The data on Maybank Berhad financial statements and balance sheets were collected using secondary data which come from: (BNM) Bank Negara Malaysia Annual Reports (2001 until 2010). Bursa Malaysia Internet Website. Library books, articles and magazines. 3.4 VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENT The variables used in this study can be categorized into two main types which are, the dependent and the independent variables. 3.4.1 Dependent Variables The dependent variable for this study is the profitability performance of Maybank Bhd. 3.4.2 Independent Variables There are 4 independent variables in this study which are interest income, non-interest income, inflation rate and Gross Domestic Product(GDP). RESEARCH DESIGN Research design involves a series of rational decision making choices. Various issues regarding the topic will be describe here including purpose of study, types of investigation to be make, time horizon and so on. 3.5.1 Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to determine the profitability performance of Maybank Bhd from 2001 to 2010. Besides, this study attempt to analyze the factors relates with the performance of Maybank Bhd. and what are the factor that has the highest impact on Maybank Bhd performance. 3.5.2 Types of Investigation This study involved the multiple regression study on the data from range of 2001 until 2010. This model was chosen because this study has more than 1 independent variable.. 3.5.3 Unit of Analysis Unit analysis for this study are interest income, non-interest income, inflation rate and GDP. 3.5.4 Time Horizon This study will use range data from 2001 until 2010 of Maybank Bhd. 3.7 DATA ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT This study use SPSS, multiple regression study as the statistical tool as to measure how all these variables will influence profitability performance of Maybank Bhd. The multiple regression study will be used to analyze the relationship between dependent variable, which is the profitability of Maybank Bhd and independent variables which includes interest income, inflation rate, GDP and non-interest income. Multiple Linear Regression Model: General Functions: P = f( Inflation rate, interest income, Non-interest income , GDP, e ) Specific Form of Equation: P = a + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3 X3 + b4GDP + b5INF + Where; P = profitability a = Constant b1, b2, b3, b4 = Coefficient Beta value X1 = interest income X2 = non- interest income GDP = Gross Domestic Product INF = Inflation = Error 3.8 HYPOTHESIS STATEMENT There are 5 hypotheses in this study which are: Hypothesis 1 H0: There is no significant relationship between inflation rate and bank profitability. Hypothesis 2 H0: There is no significant relationship between GDP and bank profitability. Hypothesis 3 H0: There is no significant relationship between Interest Income and bank profitability. Hypothesis 4 H0: There is significant relationship between Non-Interest Income and bank profitability. SUMMARY In this chapter, we have discussed about where the data comes from and how the data will be measures to evaluate the significances between dependent variable and the independent variables. The study is designed to examine 5main areas which are interest expense, interest income, non-interest income, inflation rate, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). 10 years data from varieties of secondary sources like Bank Negara Malaysia and internet sources will be evaluated to explain the relationship between profitability performance and factors influence it. .